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目录
Unit One
Text: The Seven Pillars of Life
Exercises
Supplementary Reading: Globalization and Biology -
Unit Two
Text: The Outrageous Hypothesis
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书摘
Text:
Making Every Drop Count
Peter H. Gleick
The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of the wayswe have learned to manipulate water resources. The earliest agricultural com-munities emerged where crops could be cultivated with dependable rainfall andperennial rivers. Simple irrigation canals permitted greater crop production andlonger growing seasons in dry areas. Five thousand years ago settlements inthe Indus Valley were built with pipes for water supply and ditches for wastewa-ter. Athens and Pompeii, like most Greco-Roman towns of their time, main-tained elaborate systems for water supply and drainage.
As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly emotesources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts, such as dams and aque-
ducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innova-tive layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome withas much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial worldtoday.
During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented con-struction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to
control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigationand hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people.Thanks to improved sewer systems, water-related diseases such as choleraand typhoid, once endemic throughout the world, have largely been conqueredin the more industrial nations. Vast cities, incapable of surviving on their localresources, have bloomed in the desert with water brought from hundreds andeven thousands of miles away. Food production has kept pace with soaringpopulations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems thatmake possible the growth of 40 percent of the world's food. Nearly one fift
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